Cosma / Communication / Knowledge / Realm / Terrestrial / Life / Animal / Vertebrate
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Introduction1
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Dictionary
vertebrate : any of a subphylum (Vertebrata) of chordates that comprises animals (such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes) typically having a bony or cartilaginous spinal colum which replaces the notochord, a distinct head containing a brain which arises as an enlarged part of the nerve cord, and an internal usually bony skeleton and that includes some primitive forms (such as lampreys) in which the spinal column is absent and the notochord persists throughout life — Merriam-Webster See also OneLook
Thesaurus
Roget’s II (Thesaurus.com), Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, Visuwords
Encyclopedia
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, and ratfish) and the bony fishes.
Extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species Paedophryne amauensis, at as little as 7.7 mm (0.30 in), to the blue whale, at up to 33 m (108 ft). Vertebrates make up less than five percent of all described animal species; the rest are invertebrates, which lack vertebral columns. — Wikipedia
Vertebrate (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Vertebrates (One Zoom)
Chordata (Catalogue of Life)
Chordata (WolframAlpha)
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Innovation
Science
Biology is the scientific study of life. Biologists study life at multiple levels of organization, from the molecular biology of a cell to the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, and evolution of populations. Biologists also study and classify the various forms of life, from prokaryotic organisms such as archaea and bacteria to eukaryotic organisms such as protists, fungi, plants, and animals. — Wikipedia
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Preservation
Library
DDC: 596 Vertebrates (Library Thing)
Subject: Vertebrates (Library Thing)
Subject: Vertebrates (Open Library)
LCC: QL 605 Vertebrates (UPenn Online Books)
Subject: Vertebrates (UPenn Online Books)
LCC: QL 605 Vertebrates (Library of Congress)
Subject: Vertebrates (Library of Congress)
Subject: Vertebrates (WorldCat)
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Participation
Education
MERLOT: Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching
OER Commons: Open Educational Resources
Community
Occupation
Organization
American Institute of Biological Sciences
News
Vertebrates (EurekaAlert, American Association for the Advancement of Science)
Vertebrates (bioRxiv: Preprint Server for Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
Vertebrates (JSTOR)
Vertebrates (Science Daily)
Vertebrates (Science News)
Vertebrates (Phys.org)
Vertebrates (NPR Archives)
More News …
Phys.org - latest science and technology news stories Phys.org internet news portal provides the latest news on science including: Physics, Nanotechnology, Life Sciences, Space Science, Earth Science, Environment, Health and Medicine.
- XY or ZW? Gecko chromosomes reveal evolution's...on August 27, 2026 at 6:00 pm
Why do humans rely on XY chromosomes to determine sex, while birds use ZW—and many reptiles use neither, letting temperature decide instead? Sex determination is remarkably diverse across the animal kingdom. In genotypic sex determination (GSD), sex is encoded in the genome: XX individuals are female and XY males in humans and most mammals, while in the ZW system, found in birds and some reptiles, males are ZZ and females ZW.
- Species discoveries reveal emerging biodiversity...on August 27, 2026 at 12:20 pm
We share our planet with millions of plants and animals. This variety of life is known as biodiversity, a term encompassing everything from microscopic genes to entire ecosystems, such as deserts and vibrant coral reefs.
- Cellular 'glue' helps epithelial tissues engulf...on August 27, 2026 at 9:00 am
A protein that sticks cells and tissues together has been found to have a surprising second job: helping cells that are packed into a continuous sealed layer, also known as epithelial cells, engulf nearby dead cells.
- We discovered rare dinosaur tracks from the...on August 26, 2026 at 10:00 pm
Imagine the Western Plains of North America, from Texas to Alaska, submerged under a broad, shallow seaway. To the west lay the ancestral Rocky Mountains. To the east were low-lying plains traversed by large, sluggish rivers.
- Australia's lizards and snakes disappearing...on August 26, 2026 at 9:00 pm
Australia's lizards and snakes are facing a far more precarious future than previously understood, with a new review led by Monash University researchers revealing that around 127 species, or just over 13% of Australia's terrestrial lizards and snakes, are now likely to be threatened with extinction—almost double previous estimates.
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Related
Here are links to pages about closely related subjects.
Sphere Land, Ice, Water (Ocean), Air, Life (Cell, Gene)
Ecosystem Forest, Grassland, Desert, Arctic, Aquatic
Tree of Life
Microorganism Virus
Prokaryote Archaea, Bacteria
Eukaryote Protist, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa (Tardigrade)
Plant Flower, Tree
Animal
Invertebrate
Cnidaria Coral, Jellyfish
Cephalopod Cuttlefish, Octopus
Crustacean Lobster, Shrimp
Arachnid Spider, Scorpion
Insect Ant, Bee, Beetle, Butterfly
Vertebrate
Fish Seahorse, Ray, Shark
Amphibian Frog, Salamander
Reptile Turtle, Tortoise, Dinosaur
Bird Penguin, Ostrich, Owl, Crow, Parrot
Mammal Platypus, Bat, Mouse, Rabbit, Goat, Giraffe, Camel, Horse, Elephant, Mammoth
Walrus, Seal, Polar Bear, Bear, Panda, Cat, Tiger, Lion, Dog, Wolf
Cetacean Whale, Dolphin
Primate Monkey, Chimpanzee, Human
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Notes
1. The resources on this page are are organized by a classification scheme developed exclusively for Cosma.





