Science

Cosma / Communication / Knowledge / Form / Innovation / Science
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Science is nothing but developed perception, interpreted intent, common sense rounded out and minutely articulated. — George Santayana

Introduction¹

Science Sessions (Cardiff University, YouTube Channel)

Dictionary

science : (1) a department of systematized knowledge as an object of study (2) knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method — Merriam-Webster See also OneLook

Thesaurus

Roget’s II (Thesaurus.com), Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, Visuwords

Encyclopedia

Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Contemporary science is typically subdivided into the natural sciences, which study the material universe; the social sciences, which study people and societies; and the formal sciences, which study logic and mathematics. — Wikipedia

Eric Weisstein’s World of Science (Wolfram Research)
Science (Encyclopædia Britannica)

Outline

Places & Spaces: Mapping Science

Search

Science & Technology (Wolfram Alpha)

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Inspiration

The search is what anyone would undertake if he were not sunk in the everydayness of his own life.
To become aware of the possibility of the search is to be onto something.
Not to be onto something is to be in despair. — Walker Percy

melodysheep (YouTube Channel)
melodysheep (Official Website)

Symphony of Science (Official Site)
Symphony of Science (John D. Boswell, Melodysheep)
Symphony of Science (Wikipedia)

Talks about Science (TED: Ideas Worth Spreading)
Articles about Science (Big Think)

Science Quotes (BrainyQuote)

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Adventures

Explore related posts on Cosma …

Exoplanet Junket - This week NASA released a new project that they’ve dubbed the Exoplanet Travel Bureau. The core of the project consists of a set of interactive 360° images that show “imagined” surfaces of five exoplanets (TRAPPIST-1e, Kepler-16b, Kepler-186f, PSO J318.5-22 and HD 40307 g). Here are three articles about the experience. This Brilliant Interactive From NASA … Continue reading Exoplanet Junket
Great Views of Earth - April 22nd is Earth Day! In honor of that, here are some great ways to see the honoree. First, you can get a nice view from this neat 360° Video from Seeker. It essentially shows you what it would feel like if you could just fly straight up and see the Earth from space. Seeker … Continue reading Great Views of Earth
Moon’scapes - There’s no denying that it’s been a rough week for many Earthlings. On the other hand, it’s been a great week for anyone who spends their time more preoccupied with the Moon than with more earthly concerns. That’s because there’s a treasure trove of news about our lunar realm. For example, NASA’s Goddard Media Studios … Continue reading Moon’scapes
Perspectives on Earth - Last week NASA released this fascinating video entitled Our Living Planet based upon 20 years of data from satellites that observe all plant life at the surface of the land and ocean. NASA Goddard (YouTube Channel) Goddard Space Flight Center (Official Website) You can find out more about the video from this article. The Changing … Continue reading Perspectives on Earth
Smart Crows - Note This content is not very elaborate as well as a bit dated, but it is important for historical purposes. It was the first adventure (a.k.a. Post) on this iteration of the Cosma website way back in September 15, 2016. Sometimes news just catches your eye. Here’s a video got me today — enjoy! Nature … Continue reading Smart Crows
Space Cadet Academy - Confession — I’m a major space cadet! I mean this in an older, positive sense of the word, which is that I’m a “space enthusiast.” That’s why I really get into updating the pages on Cosma having to do with space. Things got a little out of hand this time, though. I began just like … Continue reading Space Cadet Academy
Talented Greenery - Note: This post was updated and reposted in honor of Arbor Day 2026! Check out this minute long 360° video from Genesis Visual Studios. Genesis Visual Studios (YouTube Channel) Peaceful, isn’t it? The bees are busily buzzing about, but the plants aren’t doing much, right? Well, those plants are up to a LOT more than … Continue reading Talented Greenery
Touch the Sun - Remember how Icarus wanted to touch the Sun, but met his demise instead? Well, scientists at NASA wanted to touch the Sun too, but unlike Icarus, they succeeded! Better yet, they are beginning to share what they learned by doing it! Before we get into all of that, let’s go back and start at the … Continue reading Touch the Sun
TRAPPIST-1 - You’ve probably heard that NASA has found a trove of “Earth-like” planets circling the TRAPPIST-1 system roughly 40 light years away, but just in case you haven’t, here’s a short video from NASA/JPL about the discovery. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (YouTube Channel) NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Official Website) Most entertainingly, here’s a 360° YouTube video … Continue reading TRAPPIST-1
Umbraphiles - umbraphile : One who loves eclipses, often travelling to see them. You’ve probably heard about the April 8th solar eclipse (Wikipedia), and if you live near the path of totality, then you’ve probably also seen news stories like this one. Party in the Path of Totality at These Solar Eclipse Getaways Across New England (Kristi … Continue reading Umbraphiles

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Foundation

Philosophy

Every science begins as philosophy and ends as art. — Will Durant, The Story of Philosophy

Philosophy of Science Association
Center for Philosophy of Science (University of Pittsburgh)
PhilSci: An Archive for Preprints in Philosophy of Science (University of Pittsburgh)

General Philosophy of Science (Edited by Howard Sankey and Zili Dong, PhilPapers)
Philosophy of Science (The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Philosophy of Science (Encyclopædia Britannica)

Philosophy of Science (Wikipedia)
Index of Philosophy of Science Articles (Wikipedia)

Process

Scientific method is an empirical approach to acquiring knowledge. It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental and measurement-based testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. — Wikipedia

Understanding Science: How Science Really Works (University of California Museum of Paleontology)
Scientific Method (Encyclopædia Britannica)

Innovation

A New Kind of Science: Online (Stephen Wolfram, Official Site)
A New Kind of Science (Stephen Wolfram, WorldCat)
Computational Sciences (Wolfram Alpha)
Stephen Wolfram (Official Site)
Stephen Wolfram (Encyclopædia Britannica)

Product

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Preservation

Cabinet of Wonders Houses the Personal Collection of Alfred Russel Wallace (National Science Foundation)
Cabinet of Wonders: Personal Collection of Alfred Russel Wallace (Lisa-Joy Zgorski, Live Science)

History

Classification of the Sciences (Dictionary of the History of Ideas)
Unity of Science from Plato to Kant (Dictionary of the History of Ideas)

History of Science and Math (The History Guy, YouTube Playlist)

History of Science (Crash Course, YouTube Playlist)
History of Science (Crash Course, Official Website)

Library Research Guide for the History of Science (Harvard Subject Guides)
History of Science Sourcebook (History Department, Fordham University)
The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (J. L. Heilbron, Oxford Reference)
History of Science (Scientific American)

Science (World History Encyclopedia)

History of Science (Wikipedia)
History of Science Portal (Wikipedia)

Museum

History of Science Museum (University of Oxford)
History of Science Museum Tour (Virtual Tour)
History of Science Museum (YouTube Channel)
Museum of the History of Science (Encyclopædia Britannica)
History of Science Museum (Wikipedia)

Science Museum (London, UK)
Science Museum (Virtual Tour)
Science Museum (YouTube Channel)
Science Museum, London (Wikipedia)

Science & Mathematics Collection (National Museum of American History)
Explore Science & Nature (Smithsonian)

Griffin Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago, IL)
Griffin Museum of Science and Industry (YouTube Channel)
Museum of Science and Industry (Wikipedia)

The Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, PA)
The Franklin Institute (Virtual Tour)
The Franklin Institute (YouTube)
The Franklin Institute (Wikipedia)

The Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments (Harvard University, Cambridge, MA)
Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments (YouTube Channel)
Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments (Wikipedia)

Museum of Science (Boston, MA)
Museum of Science (YouTube Channel)
Museum of Science (Wikipedia)

Exploratorium (San Francisco, CA)
Exploratorium (YouTube)
Exploratorium (Wikipedia)

Science Museum (Wikipedia)
List of Science Museums (Wikipedia)

Library

Science Reference (Library of Congress)
Science Electronic Library (SciELO)

DDC: 500 Science (Library Thing)
Subject: Science (Library Thing)

Subject: Science (Open Library)

LCC: Q Science (UPenn Online Books)

LCC: Q Science (Library of Congress)
Subject: Science (Library of Congress)

Subject: Science (WorldCat)

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Participation

Education

National Science Education Standards (National Academies Press)
National Science Teaching Association

Smithsonian Science Education Center
Smithsonian Learning Lab

Nature of Science Videos (Exploratorium)
Subject Videos (Exploratorium)

Science Resources (Annenberg Learner)
Science (PBS Learning Media)

Science Lab (National Geographic Kids)
Science education (Scientific American)
Science News for Students (Society for Science)

Science Education Videos (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, YouTube Playlist)

MERLOT: Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching
OER Commons: Open Educational Resources

Community

Occupation

Scientists (US Occupational Outlook Handbook)
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations (US Occupational Outlook Handbook)

Careers in Science (PBS Learning Media)

Organization

International Council for Science

National Academy of Sciences
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

The Royal Society
The Royal Institution

News

Eprints: Quick Guide to Open-Access Archives in Science, Technology & Medicine (Library of Congress)
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Science (JSTOR)
ArXiv Preprints (Cornell University)

Science Magazine (AAAS)
EurekAlert! (AAAS)

Nature (Springer)
Science News (Society for Science)
Science (Phys.org)

The Sciences (Scientific American)
Scientific American Bookshelf (Project Gutenberg)

Science (National Public Radio)
Science Friday (SciFri, NPR)
Science (NPR Archives)

Science News (AP News)
Science News (UPI News)

Science (Science Daily)

Science + Tech (The Conversation)

Book

Science Bookshelf (Project Gutenberg)

Government

Science.gov: Gateway to US Federal Science
National Science Foundation

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Expression

The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not Eureka! (I found it!) but That’s funny … — Isaac Asimov

NASAJPL Edu (YouTube Channel)
NASA JPL Edu (Official Website)

Humor

Science (Tim Hunkin, The Rudiments of Wisdom Encyclopedia)
Science Humor (Science 2.0)

Music

Sing About Science and Math
Science (Song Lyrics)

Recent News from Science Daily …

Planet nine mystery deepens as new discovery...
on June 9, 2026 at 1:52 am
Astronomers have spent years searching for a possible hidden giant planet far beyond Neptune. Unusual orbits among distant Kuiper Belt objects have fueled the Planet Nine theory, but recent discoveries are challenging the idea by showing more stable motion than expected. If Planet Nine exists, it may be much farther away than originally thought.
Scientists found a new Alzheimer’s trigger and...
on June 8, 2026 at 11:23 pm
Researchers have identified a new Alzheimer’s target and created an experimental compound that blocks a damaging process inside brain cells. In mice, the treatment slowed nerve cell loss, reduced Alzheimer’s-related changes, and even appeared to promote healthier aging.
Scientists discover the brain chemical that helps...
on June 8, 2026 at 11:38 am
Scientists have uncovered a key brain signal that helps us break old habits and adapt when circumstances suddenly change. By watching mice navigate a virtual maze, researchers found that disappointment—when an expected reward failed to appear—triggered a surge of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, making the animals more likely to try a new strategy. When acetylcholine was blocked, the mice became less flexible and were more likely to stick with outdated choices.
What is space-time? A mystery at the heart of...
on June 8, 2026 at 11:28 am
What if our biggest idea about reality is built on a hidden misunderstanding? A new philosophical look at space-time challenges the popular view that the past, present, and future all exist together in a timeless "block universe." The argument suggests that physicists may be blurring the difference between things that exist and things that merely occur, creating deep confusion about what space-time actually is.
Scientists may have debunked one of humanity's...
on June 8, 2026 at 10:49 am
Ancient grooves on human teeth, once hailed as evidence of tooth-picking, may simply be the result of natural wear, according to a new study of wild primates. The research also revealed that a common modern dental defect appears to be uniquely human, hinting that today's lifestyles may be reshaping our teeth in unexpected ways.

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Here are links to pages about closely related subjects.

Knowledge Form

Innovation Mathematics
Science Research, Discovery
Technology Invention, Intellectual Property
Commerce Entrepreneurship, Product

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Notes

1. The resources on this page are are organized by a classification scheme developed exclusively for Cosma.

2. Some expertise related to this page was aqauired at Purdue University while taking the graduate courses PSY 500 Statistical Methods Applied To Psychology, Education, And Sociology, PSY 600 Statistical Inference, PSY 601 Multivariate Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences and then teaching the graduate course ED 524: Classroom Tests and Measurements while obtaining an M.S. in Educational Psychology with a specialization in Evaluation and Measurement.

Science2

Science²