Jupiter

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Introduction¹

Dictionary

Jupiter : the largest of the planets and fifth in order from the sun — Webster See also OneLook

Encyclopedia

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Jupiter was named after the Roman god Jupiter, the king of the gods. It is primarily composed of hydrogen, but helium constitutes one-quarter of its mass and one-tenth of its volume. It probably has a rocky core of heavier elements, but, like the other giant planets in the Solar System, it lacks a well-defined solid surface. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result of this is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which has been observed since at least 1831. — Wikipedia

Jupiter (Encyclopædia Britannica)

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Innovation

Science

Juno is a NASA space probe orbiting the planet Jupiter. It was built by Lockheed Martin and is operated by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on 5 August 2011 UTC. Juno entered a polar orbit of Jupiter on 5 July 2016 UTC, to begin a scientific investigation of the planet. The object of the mission is to measure Jupiter’s composition, gravitational field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. It will also search for clues about how the planet formed, including whether it has a rocky core, the amount of water present within the deep atmosphere, mass distribution, and its deep winds, which can reach speeds up to 620 km/h (390 mph). After completing its mission, Juno will be intentionally deorbited into Jupiter’s atmosphere. — Wikipedia

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Juno (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, YouTube Playlist)

Juno: Mission at Jupiter (NASA)
Juno (JPL, NASA)
Juno, NASA’s Jupiter Probe (Planetary Society)

Jupiter Resources (Staci L. Tiedeken, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center)

Jupiter (NASA)
Jupiter (JPL, NASA)

Jupiter, The Planet with a Solar System of Its Own (Planetary Society)
Jupiter’s Family Secrets (Lunar & Planetary Institute)
Jupiter (National Air and Space Museum)

Jupiter (Eric Weisstein’s World of Astronomy, Wolfram Research)
Jupiter (Wolfram Alpha)
Jupiter Flybys (Wolfram Alpha)

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Preservation

History

Babylonian astronomers used geometry to track Jupiter (Philip Ball, Nature)

On 7 January 1610, Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as three fixed stars, totally invisible by their smallness, all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it. Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these “stars” relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January, Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days, he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter: he had discovered three of Jupiter’s four largest moons. He discovered the fourth on 13 January. Galileo named the group of four the Medicean stars, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo’s three brothers. Later astronomers, however, renamed them Galilean satellites in honour of their discoverer. — Wikipedia

British Pathé (YouTube Channel)

410 Years Ago: Galileo Discovers Jupiter’s Moons (John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center)
Galileo Galilei: Jupiter’s Moons (Wikipedia)

Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes exploration. The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully attempted to send spacecraft to orbit the Moon, successfully sent one spacecraft to fly by the Moon, and successfully sent one spacecraft to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of Earth and Venus. The second program, which ran from 1965 to 1992, sent four spacecraft to measure interplanetary space weather, two to explore Jupiter and Saturn, and two to explore Venus. The two outer planet probes, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System. — Wikipedia

The Pioneer Missions (AMES, NASA)
Pioneer Mission (NASA)
Pioneer 10 and 11 (Planetary Society)

Pioneer 10 Mission (JPL, NASA)
Pioneer 10 (Wikipedia)

Voyager Program is an American scientific program that employs two robotic interstellar probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable alignment of Jupiter and Saturn, to fly near them while collecting data for transmission back to Earth. — Wikipedia

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (YouTube Channel)

Voyager 1 (NASA)
Voyager 2 (NASA)

Voyager Mission (NASA)
Voyager Mission (JPL, NASA)

Voyager Mission (Planetary Society)
Voyager Program (Wikipedia)

Galileo was an American space probe that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons. Named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was delivered into Earth orbit on October 18, 1989 by Space Shuttle Atlantis. Galileo arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet. Galileo was intentionally destroyed in Jupiter’s atmosphere on September 21, 2003. — Wikipedia